Vanadium

Main article: Isotopes of vanadium
iso	NA	half-life	DM	DE (MeV)	DP
⁴⁸V	syn	15.9735 d	ε+β⁺	4.0123	⁴⁸Ti
⁴⁹V	syn	330 d	ε	0.6019	⁴⁹Ti
⁵⁰V	0.25%	1.5×10¹⁷y	ε	2.2083	⁵⁰Ti
⁵⁰V	0.25%	1.5×10¹⁷y	β^-	1.0369	⁵⁰Cr
⁵¹V	99.75%	⁵¹V is stable with 28 neutrons

References

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Vanadium (IPA: /vəˈneɪdiəm/) is a chemical element that has the symbol V and atomic number 23. A soft and ductile element, vanadium naturally occurs in about 65 different minerals and is used mainly to produce certain alloys. It is one of the 26 elements found in most living organisms.

1 Notable characteristics
2 Applications
3 History
4 Biological role
- 4.1 Mineral supplement in drinking water
5 Occurrence
6 Isolation
7 Compounds
- 7.1 Toxicity of vanadium compounds
- 7.2 Various oxidation states of vanadium ions
8 Isotopes
9 Precautions
10 See also
11 Footnotes
12 References
13 External links

Notable characteristics

Vanadium is a soft and ductile, silver-grey metal. It has good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily at about 933 K (660 C). Vanadium has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, making it useful in nuclear applications. Although a metal, it shares with chromium and manganese the property of having valency oxides with acid properties.

Common oxidation states of vanadium include +2, +3, +4 and +5. A popular experiment with ammonium vanadate NH₄VO₃, reducing the compound with zinc metal, can demonstrate colorimetrically all four of these vanadium oxidation states. An oxidation state of +1 is rarely seen.

Applications

Approximately 80% of vanadium produced is used as ferrovanadium or as a steel additive. Other uses:

In such alloys as
- specialty stainless steel, e.g. for use in surgical instruments and tools.
- rust resistant and high speed tool steels.
- mixed with aluminium in titanium alloys used in jet engines and high-speed airframes
Vanadium steel alloys are used in axles, crankshafts, gears, and other critical components.
It is an important carbide stabilizer in making steels.
Because of its low fission neutron cross section, vanadium has nuclear applications.
Vanadium foil is used in cladding titanium to steel.
Vanadium-gallium tape is used in superconducting magnets (175,000 gauss).
Vanadium pentoxide V₂O₅ is used as a catalyst in manufacturing sulfuric acid (via the contact process) and maleic anhydride. It is also used in making ceramics and glass manufacturing.
Glass coated with vanadium dioxide VO₂ can block infrared radiation (and not visible light) at a specific temperature.
Electrical fuel cells and storage batteries such as vanadium redox batteries.
Added to corundum to make simulated alexandrite jewelry.
Vanadate electrochemical conversion coatings for protecting steel against rust and corrosion
Lithium vanadium oxide is proposed for use as a high energy density anode for lithium ion batteries, at 745Wh/l when paired with a lithium cobalt oxide cathode.[2]
Used to make lacrosse shafts

Naturally occurring vanadium is composed of one stable isotope ⁵¹V and one radioactive isotope ⁵⁰V with a half-life of 1.5×10¹⁷ years. 24 artificial radioisotopes have been characterized (in the range of mass number between 40 and 65) with the most stable being ⁴⁹V with a half-life of 330 days, and ⁴⁸V with a half-life of 15.9735 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives shorter than an hour, the majority of them below 10 seconds. In 4 isotopes, metastable excited states were found (including 2 metastable states for ⁶⁰V).

The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope ⁵¹V is electron capture. The next most common mode is beta decay. The primary decay products before ⁵¹V are element 22 (titanium) isotopes and the primary products after are element 24 (chromium) isotopes.

Precautions

Powdered metallic vanadium is a fire hazard, and unless known otherwise, all vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. Generally, the higher the oxidation state of vanadium, the more toxic the compound is. The most dangerous compound is vanadium pentoxide.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set an exposure limit of 0.05 mg/m³ for vanadium pentoxide dust and 0.1 mg/m³ for vanadium pentoxide fumes in workplace air for an 8-hour workday, 40-hour work week.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recommended that 35 mg/m³ of vanadium be considered immediately dangerous to life and health. This is the exposure level of a chemical that is likely to cause permanent health problems or death.

Footnotes

^ Pedro Cintas (2004). "The Road to Chemical Names and Eponyms: Discovery, Priority, and Credit". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 43 (44): 5888 – 5894. doi:10.1002/anie.200330074.
^ ^a ^b N. G. Sefström (1831). "Ueber das Vanadin, ein neues Metall, gefunden im Stangeneisen von Eckersholm, einer Eisenhütte, die ihr Erz von Taberg in Småland bezieht". Annalen der Physik und Chemie 97 (1): 43 – 49. doi:10.1002/andp.18310970103.
^ Henry E. Roscoe (1869 – 1870). "Researches on Vanadium.--Part II.". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 18: 37–42.
^ Natkin, Michael (2007). Blood Color. Science Facts. Soak (Source Of All Knowledge). Retrieved on 2007-11-16.
^ Halberstam, M, et al (1996). "Oral vanadyl sulfate improves insulin sensitivity in NIDDM but not in obese nondiabetic subjects.". Diabetes 45: 659–66.
^ Boden, G, et al (1996;). "Effects of vanadyl sulfate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.". Metabolism 45: 1130–5.
^ Goldfine, AB, et al (2000). "Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies.". Metabolism 49: 400–10.
^ Badmaev, V, et al (1999). "Vanadium: a review of its potential role in the fight against diabetes." (XX). Altern Complement Med. 5: 273-291.
^ Goldwaser, I, et al (1999). "{{{title}}}". J Biol Chem 274: 26617-26624 title = L-glutamic acid gamma-monohydroxamine. A potentiator of vanadium-evoked glucose metabolism in vitro and in vivo..

References

Los Alamos National Laboratory – Vanadium
High vanadium content in Mt.Fuji groundwater and its relevance to the ancient biosphere by Tatsuo Hamada in Vanadium in Environment. Part 1: Chemistry and Biochemistry. Edited by Jerome O. Nriagu. Page 97-123. 1998. John Wilen & Sons, Inc.
Duffus JH. Carcinogenicity classification of vanadium pentoxide and inorganic vanadium compounds, the NTP study of carcinogenicity of inhaled vanadium pentoxide, and vanadium chemistry. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2007 Feb;47(1):110-4.
Gonzalez-Villalva A, Fortoul TI, Avila-Costa MR, et al. Thrombocytosis induced in mice after subacute and subchronic V2O5 inhalation. Toxicol Ind Health 2006 Apr;22(3):113-6.
Kobayashi K, Himeno S, Satoh M, et al. Pentavalent vanadium induces hepatic metallothionein through interleukin-6-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Toxicology 2006 Dec 7;228(2-3:162-170.
Ress NB, Chou BJ, Renne RA, et al. Carcinogenicity of inhaled vanadium pentoxide in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Toxicol Sci 2003 Aug;74(2):287-96.
Scibior A, Zaporowska H, Ostrowski J. Selected haematological and biochemical parameters of blood in rats after subchronic administration of vanadium and/or magnesium in drinking water. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2006 Aug;51(2):287-95.
Soazo M, Garcia GB. Vanadium exposure through lactation produces behavioral alterations and CNS myelin deficit in neonatal rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2007 Jul-Aug;29(4):503-10.
Worle-Knirsch JM, Kern K, Schleh C, et al. Nanoparticulate vanadium oxide potentiated vanadium toxicity in human lung cells. Environ Sci Technol 2007 Jan 1;41(1):331-6.